Differences in metabolism of triploid and diploid Salmo trutta f. lacustris under acclimation conditions and after exposure to stress situations

Differences in metabolism (enzyme activities, metabolites) between diploid and triploid Salmo trutta f. lacustris were investigated under acclimation and stress conditions. Under acclimation conditions enzyme activities differed for 35% of the 27 investigated key regulatory enzymes and temperature optima for 23%. Muscle and liver metabolites related to energy metabolism and diagnostic indices of blood serum were similar, with exception of acetyl‐CoA being increased in triploids. Metabolic rate was lower and gill ventilation rate higher in triploids in comparison with diploids. During the tested stress situations (24 hr endurance swimming, 3 hr exposure to hypoxia in water with 32% oxygen saturation) muscle and liver glycogen decreased and serum and muscle lactate increased in both ploidy levels. Specifically, for triploids muscle adenylate energy charge and phosphocreatine levels decreased after endurance swimming and muscle and liver adenylate energy charge after exposure to hypoxia. Acetyl‐CoA increased in triploids during both stress situations. In summary, there existed differences in metabolism between the two ploidy levels and the energy metabolism of triploids was less balanced under stress.     

Enzyme Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Actinobacteria from the Chilean Coast and New Insight in the Mechanism of Keratin Degradation in Streptomyces sp. G11C

Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes—Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.     

云南2种野生苜蓿资源对酸铝胁迫的响应分析

以云南2种野生苜蓿资源为材料,采用水培法研究酸铝胁迫对幼苗生长的影响。通过分析酸、铝单一及复合处理下幼苗根长、株高、生物量、根系活力、叶绿素和丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶和超氧化物岐化酶活性变化,比较2种苜蓿对酸、铝的耐性。结果显示：随着酸度的增加,天蓝苜蓿和紫花苜蓿幼苗的生长均受抑制,pH 7.0和pH 3.0处理对比分析,天蓝苜蓿在根长、株高、生物量、根系活力增幅比紫花苜蓿的增幅小;铝胁迫后,2种苜蓿在根长、株高、生物量、根系活力指标上均具有显著差异,且随着铝浓度的增大,受抑制越严重;酸、铝共同胁迫对2种苜蓿幼苗生长的影响大于单一胁迫对它的影响,pH 4.5,Al ³⁺浓度300 mg/L时,2种苜蓿生长受抑最严重。酸、铝单一胁迫及复合处理均显著影响2种苜蓿,但天蓝苜蓿对酸、铝及酸铝的耐性优于紫花苜蓿。     

不同生育期卷丹百合的多酚积累特性及其抗氧化活性

为探究不同生育期卷丹百合各器官中多酚类物质的积累规律及其抗氧化能力，分别采用福林–肖卡法、NaNO2–AlCl3法、香草醛比色法、pH示差法测定不同生育期(现蕾期、花期、半枯期、全枯期)卷丹百合各器官(基生根、鳞茎、茎生根、茎秆、叶片、株芽、花）中总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇和花色苷的含量，运用DPPH法、铜离子还原法和金属螯合能力、抑制脂质过氧化活性，分析其多酚提取物的抗氧化能力。结果表明：不同生育期卷丹百合各器官多酚类物质的含量及其抗氧化活性存在差异；卷丹百合植株在花期总酚含量最高，半枯期的次之，全枯期的最少；花期，花中总酚含量最高，达14.75 mg/g，叶片中的总酚含量次之，珠芽的最低，仅为3.12 mg/g；卷丹百合多酚提取液的抗氧化能力在花期最强，其次是半枯期；相关性分析表明，卷丹多酚类物质与抗氧化活性在各时期、各器官呈现出显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性，相关系数为–1.00~1.00，其中，花期和半枯期卷丹多酚类物质与铜离子还原力基本呈显著或极显著正相关。     

Effects of dietary Bacillus pumilus on growth performance,innate immunity and digestive enzymes of giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus pumilus on the growth performance, innate immunity and digestive enzymes of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Prawns (mean weight: 1.81 ± 0.01 g) were fed different levels of B. pumilus at doses of 0, 1 × 10⁷, 1 × 10⁸ and 1 × 10⁹ CFU/g to produce one control group and three experimental groups (G1, G2 and G3), respectively. After a 60‐day experimental feeding period, the results showed that the final weight, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly higher in experimental groups than in the control (p < 0.05), whereas these improvements did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among experimental groups. The improvements in phagocytic activity, respiratory burst (RBs) activity and the activity of catalase (CAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were significantly higher in G2 and G3 than in the control and G1 (p < 0.05). Further, the activity of CAT, NOS and ACP significantly increased with an increase in the dietary level of B. pumilus (p < 0.05). The activity of phenoloxidase (PO) in G3 was significantly higher than that in the control (p < 0.05). The activity of amylase was significantly higher in the groups G2 and G3 than that in the control group. G3 improved the activity of protease compared with the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the potential use of B. pumilusat a dose of 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed could improve the growth, immunity and digestive enzymes of M. rosenbergii.     

不同氮肥施用量对胶东卫矛氮代谢生理影响的研究

分析氮对胶东卫矛氮代谢生理的影响规律,明确氮肥施用后的相关酶活性变化机理,为其育苗中科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。试验在田间条件下,设置氮肥施用量分别为0 g/株(J1,CK)、9 g/株(J2)、18 g/株(J3)、27 g/株(J4)4个处理,3次重复。结果表明：5—9月J3谷草转氨酶活性分别比J1提高了64.84%、70.77%、58.52%、47.33%、57.20%,J4与J3之间无显著差异;6—9月J3谷丙转氨酶活性分别比J2提高了18.00%、30.79%、16.47%、16.83%,差异显著;谷胺酰胺合成酶活性7、9月J3显著高于J2,5—6月J2、J3、J4之间无显著差异,J2显著高于对照;5—9月J3硝酸还原酶活性分别比J2提高了20.47%、31.66%、27.32%、23.50%、34.90%,差异显著,J3与J4之间无显著差异;5—7月J3硝态氮含量分别比对照提高了73.76%、53.90%、85.95%,差异显著,8—9月J2、J3、J4之间无显著差异;6—8月,J3可溶性蛋白含量分别比J2提高了15.90%、20.09%、9.04%,差异显著。综合分析认为,J3处理可以显著提高胶东卫矛氮代谢相关酶活性,提高植株叶片内硝态氮含量和可溶性蛋白含量,效果优于J2、J4处理。     

三种酶制备牡蛎蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性和功能特性分析

目的：比较分析木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶三种不同酶水解牡蛎获得的蛋白产物抗氧化活性和功能特性。方法：采用木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶三种不同酶水解牡蛎蛋白获得水解物,并分别测定它们的在不同pH下的溶解度、乳化性以及不同浓度水解物的还原能力、DPPH自由基清除率和Fe^{2 +}螯合能力。结果：表明三种酶水解物都有较高的溶解度(p＜0.01),胰蛋白酶产生的水解物溶解高度达94.8％(p＜0.05)；水解物溶解度和乳化活性指数在pH4显著降低(p＜0.05)。牡蛎蛋白质水解产物的还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和金属螯合活性随浓度的增加而增强,其中胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶抗氧化能力较强(p＜0.01)。结论：三种蛋白酶水解牡蛎蛋白可获得抗氧化活性强、溶解度高的水解物,并受浓度和pH的影响,它们的水解物可作为一种潜在的抗氧化功能多肽利用。     

纹党和红芪加工废弃物活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用

为了研究陇南道地中药材纹党和红芪加工废弃物中活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用，用低糖低脂饲料适应性喂养小鼠15 d，以剂量为500 mg·kg^-1颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖（D-galactose）溶液构建小鼠亚急性衰老模型。将建模成功的小鼠随机分为正常对照组、衰老模型组、纹党多糖（Codonopisis pilosula polysaccharides, CPP）、红芪多糖（Hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharides ,CHP）剂量处理组和阳性（V_E170 mg·kg^-1）处理组。连续灌胃给药28 d，研究两种多糖对衰老小鼠体重及动物脏器指数、血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力变化以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化。经过测定，提取的纹党多糖和红芪多糖得率分别为16.52%和13.96%，纯度为 99.65%和99.38%，剂量在400 mg·kg^-1时纹党多糖对衰老小鼠治疗效果明显优于红芪多糖，其心脏和脾脏指数、血清中的SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力均高于模型组，血清中的MDA含量均低于模型组，对衰老小鼠具有缓解体重下降的作用。结果表明，纹党多糖和红芪多糖均能提高衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用，且纹党多糖和红芪多糖联用后抗氧化和抗衰老能力最好。